Exile+in+the+1800s

Ernesto Lang's work page

**Exile**
Revolutions and radical ideas were common during 19th century Europe. As a result so was exile. Many groups of people were exiled from their countries. Most went to Switzerland or France. Then there was also Czarist Russia which would exile its people to Siberia, a very cold region in Eastern Russia. Aside from the Russians there were other 3 common groups that were subjected to exile. These were: Poles, Germans and Communists.


 * Poland**[[image:http://www.psm.vin.pl/ima/Chopin/Chopin_Wodzinska.jpg width="140" height="150" align="right" caption="Fryderyk Chopin"]]

Poland was not independent during 19th century. Its territory belonged to Prussia, Austria and Russia but it was mainly under Russian control. Poland wanted its independence from these nations, especially from Russia. The Polish people decided to form a rebel movement against Russia in order to become independent. This caused many to flee from Poland and move into France and Switzerland. In 1830 there was large immigration to France. This was due to the revolution that took place in 1830. The revolt failed and was crushed by the Russians. This caused m any more to move out of Poland. Many important people left Poland after this. Some of them were: Fryderyk Chopin a famous polish pianist, Adam Mickiewicz a famous Polish poet and Prince Adam Czartorysky the leader of the Polish government in exile.




 * Germany**

During the 19th century, Germany was divided into 38 different states. Some of these states were controlled by Austria and others by Prussia. Some Germans wanted freedom and got into politics. However they were unsuccessful and because of this many had to leave. Most went to France to remain in exile. Some of these Germans were: Arnold Ruge and Heinrich Heine.


 * Communism**

Communism was invented during the 19th century. It was considered a radical ideology by many and it was not popular in Europe. Due to this many of the people who believed in Communism had to leave their countries to avoid dangers. Karl Marx and Friederich Engels were probably the two most recognized Communists. Engels was from Prussia and Marx from Germany. Both had to go to France, Engels lost his citizenship in Prussia so he could not return. These two, were not the only Communists that fled to France. The League of Proscribed and the League of the Just were two groups of Communists that came to France. Later on the League of the Just would become the League of the Communists.

Poles
[|Adam Jerzy Czartoryski] [|Fryderik Chopin] [|Adam Mickiewicz]

**Germans**
[|Arnold Ruge] [|Heinrich Heine]

**Communists**
[|Friedrich Engels] [|Karl Marx] **Russia** Exile in Russia was very common. The people who were exiled in Russia were mostly sent to Siberia. Siberia is a very cold region in Eastern Russia. The people who were sent there were mainly criminals, prostitutes, enemies of the state and revolutionaries. The native Siberians resented these people. The conditions in Siberia were so harsh that many of the exiled people were sick with diseases such as syphilis, dysentery and others.

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